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| Attribute | Longevity Epitalon | Mitochondrial MOTS-c | Longevity NAD+ | Mitochondrial SS-31 | Immune Modulation Thymosin Alpha-1 |
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| Summary | Pineal-derived longevity peptide with proposed telomerase effects. | Mitochondrial peptide for metabolic flexibility and exercise capacity. | Cofactor for mitochondrial energy and sirtuin-mediated longevity pathways. | Mitochondrial targeting peptide studied for energy and age-related decline. | Immune modulator — used clinically for chronic viral infections and immune support. |
| Mechanism | Tetrapeptide derived from pineal extract. Proposed to upregulate telomerase activity. | Mitochondrial-derived peptide. Activates AMPK, improves insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial function. | Coenzyme essential for cellular energy production and sirtuin activity. Direct infusion or injection raises tissue levels. | Targets cardiolipin in the inner mitochondrial membrane, stabilizing ATP production. | 28-amino-acid peptide that modulates T-cell maturation and immune balance. |
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| Evidence | anecdotal | emerging | emerging | emerging | established |
| Half-life | ~30 min (short; cycled dosing typical) | Several hours | Varies by route | ~2-3 hours | ~2 hours |
| Administration | subq | subq | subq, im | subq | subq |
| Legal status | research only | research only | approved some regions | research only | approved some regions |
| Safety | No major adverse events reported in available literature. | Limited human safety data; well tolerated anecdotally. | Injection can be uncomfortable (flushing, pressure). IV is well tolerated when titrated. | Well tolerated in trials. | Very well tolerated. Mild injection-site reactions most common. |